Existing Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) focuses on the storage of geological carbon dioxide. However, CCS has many limitations on geological site conditions and is a technology developed from the viewpoint of cost generation rather than revenue generation. In order to supplement this, Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU) has emerged and the carbon mineralization process for commercialization can be largely divided into 2, which are direct process and indirect process.

First, the direct process is to make a compound usable for industrial use by reacting industrial waste with carbon dioxide in a separate nuclear reactor or industrial process. Here, industrial by-products such as waste ask from municipal incinerators, combustion ask, steelmaking slag, bauxite residue, cement dust, oil, shale ash, and paper mill waste are used.

On the other hand, the indirect process is a method of generating carbonate minerals by reacting metal cations with carbon dioxide trapped in the existing geological storage.